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Samuel Fraunces
Samuel Fraunces (circa 1722, West Indies – October 10, 1795, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an American restaurateur and owner/operator of Fraunces Tavern in New York City. During the Revolutionary War, he provided for prisoners held during the seven-year British occupation of New York City, and may have been a spy for the American side. At the end of the war, it was at Fraunces Tavern that General George Washington said farewell to his officers. Fraunces later served as steward of Washington's presidential household in New York City (1789–1790) and Philadelphia (1791–1794).
Since the late-19th century, there has been a dispute about Fraunces's racial identity. According to his 1983 biographer, Kym S. Rice: "During the Revolutionary era, Fraunces was commonly referred to as 'Black Sam.' Some have taken references such as these as an indication that Fraunces was a black man. ...()hat is known of his life indicates he was a white man."〔"Samuel Fraunces" (biographical sketch) in 〕 Late-19th- and 20th-century sources have described Fraunces as "swarthy" (1878),〔Joseph Nerée Balestier, ''Historical Sketches of Holland Lodge, with Incidental Remarks on Masonry in the State of New York'' (1878), p. 38.〕 "mulatto" (1916),〔Frederic J. Haskin, ''The Washington D.C. Evening Star'', August 11, 1916, p. 10.〕 "Negro" (1916),〔National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, ''The Crisis'' (December 1916), p. 85.()〕 "coloured" (1930),〔James Weldon Johnson, ''Black Manhattan'' (Perseus Books Group, 1930).〕 "fastidious old Negro" (1934),〔William Hornor, Jr., ''The Philadelphia Bulletin'', February 22, 1934, p. 8.〕 and "Haitian Negro" (1962),〔Charles Henry Thompson, ''The Journal of Negro Education'', vol. 31 (1962), p. 475.〕 but most of these date from more than a century after his death. As Rice wrote in her ''Documentary History of Fraunces Tavern'': "Other than the appearance of the nickname, there are no known references where Fraunces was described as a black man" during his lifetime.
==Origins==
It is believed that he was born in the West Indies about 1722. There are claims that he was born in Jamaica,〔 Cole argues that he was born in 1734, rather than 1722/23.〕 Haiti,〔Donald Peebles, ''Haiti's Contributions to the World'' (2010).〕 and Martinique,〔F. Donnie Ford, ''Caribbean Americans in New York City 1895–1975'' (Arcadia Publishing, 2002), p. 7.()〕 and a tradition that he lived in Barbados.〔 Although his surname implies that he was of French extraction, there is no evidence that he spoke with a French accent. There is also no record of where he learned his skills as a cook, caterer, and restaurateur.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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